A-Level Chemistry Intermolecular Forces

1. weaker

2. stronger

1. Ionic bonds

2. London Forces

3. Covalent bonds

4. Hydrogen bonding

5. Permanent dipoles

1. True

2. False

1. Permanent dipoles experience a force of attraction only if they are aligned correctly.

2. If not aligned correctly, two permanent dipoles experience repulsion.

3. Permanent dipoles always experience a force of attraction.

1. True

2. False

1. The idea of London forces was proposed by German Physicist Fritz London.

2. London forces are caused by permanent dipoles.

3. The London forces occur when an atom experiences temporary dipoles due to an unequal distribution of charge.

4. Even though electron density is symmetrical on average, at any given moment there might be more electrons on one side of the atom than on the other.

1. True

2. False

1. occur on a large scale, because they are correctly aligned more frequently.

2. occur on a much smaller scale, because they align much less frequently.

1. Temporary dipoles are constantly being formed and destroyed.

2. Even though temporary dipoles are constantly formed and destroyed, it appears that atoms are attracted to each other overall.

3. A temporary dipole cannot be destroyed once it is formed.

4. Due to their temporary nature, temporary dipoles do not attract other temporary dipoles.

1. Continuous movement of electrons causes a momentary asymmetrical distribution of charge in an atom.

2. A significant difference in the electronegativity between two covalently bonded atoms.

3. Electrostatic forces of attractions between two ions with opposite charges.